Navigating Sleep

Neural Audio Synthesis as Compositional Medium for EEG Data Sonification

One night of sleep EEG, turned into sound: bandpower from each electrode navigates the latent spaces of three RAVE neural audio models, and the scored sleep stages decide which of those voices you hear at any moment.

Stefanos Vasilakis, Areti Andreopoulou, Thanos Polymeneas Liontiris — ICAD 2026, the International Conference on Auditory Display.
Headphones recommended.

Listen

Three full-length pieces, each a whole night of sleep time-compressed 30:1. They run about fourteen and a half minutes; the excerpts below are the way in if you are standing at the poster.

The full composition

  • complete piece
  • 14:28

The voice and modular models, gated against each other by the scored sleep stages: the stage decides which electrode-and-model pairings are audible, so the texture turns over as the sleeper moves between stages. The organ model is not part of this piece — it stands alone below.

Download the full composition (MP3, 14 MB)

Voices soundscape

  • voice model
  • full night
  • 14:28

The same night carried entirely by the voice model — the whole recording through one latent space, without the stage-driven switching between models.

Download the voices soundscape (MP3, 14 MB)

Organ soundscape

  • organ model
  • full night
  • 14:26

The night through the organ model — sustained, pad-like textures, generated with the encoder deactivated.

Download the organ soundscape (MP3, 14 MB)

Excerpts

Seven passages from the composition, each cut around a sustained change of sleep stage. Stage boundaries come from the three-scorer human consensus scoring of the night. Times in brackets are positions in the full composition.

Sleep onset

  • wake → N1 → N2
  • 0:32

The first descent out of wakefulness [0:33]. Scoring here is unstable — the sleeper crosses into N1 at 0:41 and N2 at 0:48, then surfaces again — and that instability is audible as the texture keeps resettling.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

First deep sleep

  • N2 → N3
  • 0:28

The first descent into slow-wave sleep [2:44], crossing into N3 at 2:54 as delta power rises and takes over the spectrum.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

First REM

  • N2 → REM
  • 0:37

The night's first rapid eye movement period [3:35], entered at 3:42. Faster rhythms return and the palette of models opens up again.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

Sustained REM

  • REM, 64 s block
  • 0:53

One of the night's longest unbroken REM stretches [6:12], beginning at 6:19 — long enough to hear the material develop rather than just change.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

Deep sleep → arousal

  • N2 → N3 → wake
  • 0:45

The night's longest stretch of slow-wave sleep [12:30], entered at 12:38 and broken by an arousal to wake at 13:10 — the sharpest stage change in the piece.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

Ending in REM

  • N2 → REM
  • 0:28

How the piece closes [13:52]: a last crossing into REM at 13:58, running to the end of the night.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

A full NREM–REM cycle

  • wake → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM
  • 2:37

One complete sleep cycle end to end [4:46] — down through N2 into slow-wave sleep at 5:22, back up to N2 at 5:43, into REM at 6:19, and out again at 7:23. The longest excerpt, and the one that shows the architecture of the night rather than a single boundary.

composition
voices
organ

Download: composition · voices · organ

How it works

A five-stage vertical pipeline. 1. Sleep EEG: one night, six
              scalp electrodes (F3 C3 O1 F4 C4 O2), subject sub-19.
              2. Spectral analysis: power in five EEG bands per electrode,
              spectrally flattened. 3. Principal components: five per
              electrode, tracking how each spectrum moves through the night.
              4. RAVE, latent-space navigation: the components are written
              into a neural model's latent space with the encoder bypassed,
              so the sleep data becomes a position inside a learned sound.
              5. Neural audio: the model synthesises sound, the whole night
              compressed 30 to 1 into 14 minutes 20 seconds. A footnote: in
              the composition, the current sleep stage selects which
              electrode-to-model pairing you hear.
From electrode to audio: Welch power spectral density gives five bandpower values per 2.56-second epoch, spectral flattening lifts the faster bands out from under the 1/f slope, and principal component analysis per electrode reduces those to the control signals that steer each RAVE model's latent space at roughly 23 Hz.

Which model sounds when

Which electrode–model pair sounds in each sleep stage. Left/right electrodes are panned across the stereo field.
Electrodes & model Wake N1 N2 N3 REM
F3 / F4 · voice on on on on on
C3 / C4 · voice on on on on on
O1 / O2 · voice off off off on on
F3 / F4 · modular off on off off off
C3 / C4 · modular off on on off off
O1 / O2 · modular off off off off on
voice is the choir RAVE model, modular the mixtapes model. The organ model is not gated into the composition — it is heard only in the standalone Organ soundscape above.

About

The source recording is one night from the Bitbrain Open Access Sleep dataset. Every sound you hear is generated unconditionally by the RAVE models — no audio is fed into them; only the EEG-derived control signals move through their latent spaces. Nothing is sample playback.

Full details are in the ICAD 2026 paper: read the paper (PDF, 4 pages). Code and data processing: github.com/stefvasi/Navigating_Sleep